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<TITLE>ECG morphology</TITLE>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00020000000000000000"></A>
<A NAME="s:morphology"></A>
<BR>
ECG morphology
</H1>
Each beat of the heart can be observed as a series of deflections away from
the baseline on the ECG. These deflections reflect the time
evolution of electrical activity in the heart which initiates
muscle contraction. A single sinus (normal) cycle of the ECG,
corresponding to one
heart beat, is traditionally labelled with the letters P,Q,R,S and T
on each of its turning points (Fig. <A HREF="node1.html#f:garipqrst">1</A>).
The ECG may be divided into the following sections:
<UL>
<LI>P-wave: a small low-voltage deflection away from the baseline
caused by the depolarisation of the atria prior to atrial contraction as the
activation (depolarisation) wave-front propagates
from the SA node through the atria.
<BR>
</LI>
<LI>PQ-interval:
the time between the beginning of atrial
depolarisation and the beginning of ventricular depolarisation.
<BR>
</LI>
<LI>QRS-complex: the largest-amplitude portion of the ECG, caused by
currents generated when the ventricles depolarise prior to their
contraction. Although atrial repolarisation occurs before ventricular
depolarisation, the latter waveform (i.e. the QRS-complex) is of much greater
amplitude and atrial repolarisation is therefore not seen on the ECG.
<BR>
</LI>
<LI>QT-interval: the time between the onset of ventricular
depolarisation and the end of ventricular repolarisation.
Clinical studies have demonstrated that the QT-interval
increases linearly as the RR-interval increases [<A
HREF="node8.html#davey99">4</A>].
Prolonged QT-interval may be associated with delayed ventricular
repolarisation which may cause ventricular tachyarrhythmias
leading to sudden cardiac death [<A
HREF="node8.html#schwartz78">9</A>].
</LI>
<LI>ST-interval: the time between the end of S-wave and the
beginning of T-wave. Significantly elevated or depressed amplitudes away
from the baseline are often associated with cardiac illness.
</LI>
<LI>T-wave: ventricular repolarisation, whereby the cardiac muscle
is prepared for the next cycle of the ECG.
<BR>
</LI>
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<ADDRESS>
2003-10-08
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