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<TITLE>Heart rate variability</TITLE>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00030000000000000000"></A>
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<BR>
Heart rate variability
</H1>
Analysis of variations in the instantaneous heart rate time series
using the beat-to-beat RR-intervals (the RR tachogram) is known as
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis [<A
HREF="node8.html#malik95">7</A>,<A
HREF="node8.html#eursoccard96">10</A>].
HRV analysis has been shown to provide an assessment of cardiovascular
disease [<A
HREF="node8.html#crawford99">11</A>].
The heart rate may be increased by slow acting sympathetic activity
or decreased by fast acting parasympathetic (vagal) activity.
The balance between the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
systems, the two opposite acting branches of the autonomic nervous system,
is referred to as the sympathovagal balance and
is believed to be reflected in the beat-to-beat changes of the
cardiac cycle [<A
HREF="node8.html#malik95">7</A>].
The heart rate is given by the reciprocal of the RR-interval in units
of beats per minute.
Spectral analysis of the RR tachogram is typically used to
estimate the effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation
of the RR-intervals. The two main frequency bands of interest
are referred to as the Low-Frequency (LF) band (0.04 to 0.15 Hz)
and the High-Frequency (HF) band (0.15 to 0.4 Hz) [<A
HREF="node8.html#eursoccard96">10</A>].
Sympathetic tone is believed to influence the LF component whereas
both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity have an effect on the HF
component [<A
HREF="node8.html#malik95">7</A>]. The ratio of the power contained in
the LF and HF components has been used as a measure of the sympathovagal
balance [<A
HREF="node8.html#malik95">7</A>,<A
HREF="node8.html#eursoccard96">10</A>].
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) [<A
HREF="node8.html#hales1733">12</A>,<A
HREF="node8.html#ludwig1847">13</A>]
is the name given to the oscillation in the RR tachogram due to
parasympathetic activity which is synchronous with the respiratory cycle.
The RSA oscillation manifests itself as a
peak in the HF band of the spectrum. For example, 15 breaths per minute
corresponds to a 4 second oscillation with a peak in the power spectrum at
0.25 Hz. A second peak is often found in the LF
band of the spectrum at approximately 0.1 Hz. While the cause of this
10 second rhythm is strongly debated, one possible explanation is that it
may be due to baroreflex regulation which creates the so-called
<I>Mayer waves</I> in the blood pressure signal [<A
HREF="node8.html#deboer87">14</A>].
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